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Understanding the Difference Between Fillers and Plasticizers in Polymers

Understanding the Difference Between Fillers and Plasticizers in Polymers
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This article comprehensively describes the difference between fillers and plasticizers in polymers and their usage. These two subjects in polymer chemistry seem crucial in defining many materials’ characteristics and properties. I believe that every polymer chemist, chemical engineer, and anyone interested in plastics would appreciate this article as it deals with suspensions, explains the role of fillers and plasticizers in polymers, and gives many insights into how they work. Welcome to our technical excursion into the world of polymers and learn how fillers and plasticizers affect plastic materials that are ubiquitous in our daily lives.

Contents show

What Are Fillers and Plasticizers?

What Are Fillers and Plasticizers?

Fillers are substances that are added to polymers to modify their properties. They are usually solid particles added to the polymer matrix to improve specific attributes such as strength, stiffness, and thermal conductivity. Fillers can be inorganic or organic materials and are widely used in the automotive, construction, and packaging sectors.

On the other hand, plastics have additives called Plasticsizers, which are added to make plastic less brittle and more ‘plastic’ like. This is achieved by weakening the bonds between the polymers in the scope of plasticization, thereby enabling the material to be more malleable and easily formed. The application of plasticizers is common in cases that require the material to be tough yet flexible, such as PVC products, flexible films, and coatings.

In summary, fillers change the internal structure of polymers, and plasticizers improve the structure of plastics by increasing or reducing their break stress. Both are important in enhancing the efficiency and properties of these materials for various uses in daily life.

Definition and Role of Fillers in Polymers

Within polymer composites, fillers comprise inert materials added to enhance the performance characteristics of the base polymer material. Generally, these are solid particles, such as glass fibers, carbon black, or mineral powders, integrated into the polymer matrix during the injection molding process.

The principal reason for adding fillers to polymers is to increase their specific physicochemical and mechanical properties. Fillers can increase the stiffness, strength, and dimensional stability of the polymer, thereby creating a wider scope of applicability. The use of fillers can also lower the price of the polymer by partially substituting the more expensive polymer material with cheap filler material.

In this way, fillers enable the customization of the properties and performance of the polymer by its manufacturers. Polymers can be manufactured with specific properties associated with greater tensile strength, greater heat resistance, lower shrinkage, and greater resistance to abrasive or impacting environments.

Filler improves the characteristics of polymer composites, thus enhancing their applications in the automotive, construction, packaging, and electronics industries.

Definition and Function of Plasticizers in Plastics

Plasticizers são aditivos que conferem maior flexibilidade e maior durabilidade ao plástico. A maioria deles possui baixa volatilidade e ótima compatibilidade com as cadeias poliméricas. Quando incorporados nas plásticas, os plastificantes aumentam a fluidez e diminuem a propensão de fissuração e rasgamento da massa. O incorporação de plastificantes permite que se consiga um determinado comportamento semelhante ao do vidro, que é mais adaptado a necessidades específicas.

Plasticizers liberate intermolecular bondage and reduce the force of attraction, enabling the polymer chains to move silently. This allows for easy flow of the material, making it easy to shape it or stretch it. Its kinetic energy is also increased, making it more plasticized. Overall, it makes it easier to mold, shape, and extrude. However, it assists the deformation of the mass and improves impact resistance and elongation for manufacturing purposes.

Perhaps the most pertinent aspect is that the selection and the amount of plasticizers added are wholly influenced by the kind of polymer utilized and the qualities needed in the customer’s end product. Compatibility, volatility, and toxicity are attributes of different plasticizers that have varying levels of importance, and they must all be considered during formulation. Ultimately, the right selection and the correct deployment of plasticizers are critical to enhance performance and ensure that the plastic materials’ stability and effectiveness will last for a long time.

Key Differences Between Fillers and Plasticizers

In plastics manufacturing, two classes of material additives differentiate them as fillers or plasticizers. In their fundamental understanding, fillers will harden the final product while plasticizers will improve its flow. The detailed distinctions between fillers and plasticizers are explained in this section:

  • First and foremost, fillers form or strengthen the structure of the polymer, assist in decreasing production expenses, and improve the stability of the finished product. Conversely, plasticizers are added liquids that do the opposite and make plastics softer and easier to work with. Fillers, on the other hand, combine with liquid plastics mixed with a polymer.
  • Strengthening fillers, which include those additives and reinforcements for the polymer blend, will provide the plastics with strength and enhanced relative rigidity after two processes of compression and weathering. There are plasticizers on the opposite end of the spectrum, which can, unfortunately, achieve the opposite effect of hardness and resistance. However, they make the final product flexible and stretchable, which is great for various applications.
  • Economic Considerations: Fillers are used as cost-saving measures in plastics, and this is perhaps the most relevant one to mention since, in general, fillers are cheaper than the polymer matrix. Incorporating fillers allows manufacturers to lower the amount of polymer in use while achieving performance standards. Although plasticizers can also assist in lowering the cost of plastics, their main application is to enhance the processing and flexibility of the plastic matrix.

Depending on the specific feature and purpose of the plastic product, some fillers or plasticizers are used. Manufacturers consider the required properties, processing conditions, and costs when choosing the right chemical additives for their formulations.

How Do Fillers Affect the Properties of Plastics?

How Do Fillers Affect the Properties of Plastics?

Influence on Mechanical Properties like Tensile Strength

One structural modification of plastics that greatly affects their mechanical properties, especially tensile strength, is the filling of materials into the polymer matrix. The plastic matrix can be reinforced with fillers like carbon nanotubes or glass fibers, which enhance the material’s tension resistance properties. Ultimately, if dispersing the fillers within the plastic is done effectively, structurally more demanding applications will be able to be used since the material will be load-bearing. Depending on the type of fill material selected and its percentage concentration, better-performance plastics can be created in terms of tensile strength that can work in several industries.

Impact on Hardness and Rigidity

Plastic fillers and additives are the prime determinants of the hardness and rigidity of any plastic material. These factors are exemplified by different applications that can appreciate these respective properties. For example, a plastics manufacturer enhances the strength of its products, especially in terms of hardness and rigidity, by incorporating fillers into the plastic matrix.

The introduction of fills bolsters the plastic’s resistance to bending and compression, thereby increasing its mechanical strength. The imparted rigidity enables the plastic to hold the desired shape and withstand applied forces, making it applicable in cases where the stability and strength of the plastic are desired. The amount and type of fillers used can also be varied to achieve certain degrees of hardness and rigidity of the plastic, thus providing the opportunity to modify the composition of the materials to specific requirements.

In conclusion, using fillers and additives in plastics determines the hardness and rigidity of plastic materials. Creating plastics with the required mechanical properties does not cause problems for the manufacturers. Consequently, all the relevant industries and applications that depend on plastic with structural integrity and dimensional stability have no issues.

Role in Cost Reduction and Flexibility

Plasticizers, which are additives, are essential in minimizing costs and increasing the polymer systems’ flexibility. Such new attributes allow costly polymer resin to be substituted with plasticizers without significantly changing the overall mechanical results. Recovery of such performance is made using additives that enhance the general performance of the polymer in terms of processing and application, including molding. Also, plasticizers enhance the polymer’s flexibility and plasticity, improving its general use and reducing the chances of having brittle material. This increased flexibility means that an end product is a plastic that can deal with stress and strain without breaking out. The addition and selection of plasticizers are crucial in minimizing costs and making it possible to modify the plastics to satisfy the varying needs within the industry better.

How Are Plasticizers Used to Reduce Cost?

Fabrication steps of sunflower husk, hazelnut shell, and walnut shell-based epoxy composites [43] (reproduced with thanks from Elsevier, License Number: 5206741042858)

Commonly Used Plasticizers in PVC Products

Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products greatly improve their flexibility, strength, and cost. Different plasticizers provide different characteristics and functions, enabling manufacturers to formulate different PVC compounds suited for any application. Below are some frequently employed plasticizers used in the production of PVC compounds:

  • Phthalate-Based Plasticizers: For years, phthalate-based plasticizers, including diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), have been dominant in PVC production. Their excellent flexibility and low-temperature resistance allow for such usage.
  • Adipate-Based Plasticizers: The addition of dioctyl adipate (DOA) and diisononyl adipate (DINA), on the other hand, is known to be high-cold-temperature resistant, highly volatile, and least effective adipates. These compounds enable PVC to be flexible at low temperatures.
  • Trimellitate Plasticizers: The vehicles also use triisodecyl trimellitate (TIDTM) and trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM) to make out the interior decoration that hydrates and raises the temperature, while operational heating wires and associated heat-sealed plugs enhance the product’s longevity. Trimellitate plasticizers are heat resistant, lasting, and flexible, enabling their everyday use in electrical cables.
  • Phosphate Esters: The most common resin utilized for electric wires is three-butyl phosphate (TnBX), TEHP, and triphosphate tris two ethyl hexyl ester. These are well-known flame retardants primarily used for PVC, building materials, and car parts.
  • Epoxidized Vegetable Oils: Epoxidized vegetable oils include soybean oil (ESBO) and linseed oil (ELO). They are now gaining greater acceptance as plasticizers since they are a much more renewable and environmentally safe alternative to traditional plasticizers. They are typically utilized when biodegradability and non-toxicity are required, e.g., bio-based food packaging and medical devices.

These are but a small handful of the common plasticizers used in PVC products today. However, the choice of a particular plasticizing agent also impacts the desired properties, performance targets, and regulatory requirements of the product. Manufacturers consider the plasticizers’ effectiveness, processing performance, and various attributes to select those that will yield satisfactory performance in their final PVC formulations.

Cost Implications in Plasticized PVC

The formulation of plasticizers for PVC is not solely dependent on performance necessities but also on pricing. Many factors affect the cost of plasticizers, including their availability, production methods, and market demand. Thus, manufacturers evaluate the cost incurred by the use of various plasticizers to be cost-efficient, considering the properties of the desired end PVC products.

Plasticizers can contribute to the total cost of production of plasticized PVC. While some plasticizers are relatively cheap and easily available, others may be more expensive due to specified properties and production costs. This compels manufacturers to find the right balance between cost and efficiency, whereby the selected plasticizers satisfy the required specifications and do not escalate the production costs considerably.

Moreover, the cost of other raw materials that are used in the production of plasticizers may also affect the price of plasticized PVC. The dramatic fluctuations in the prices of petroleum based feedstocks or any other raw materials drastically affects the cost of plasticizers which in turn influences the overall pricing of PVC formulations.

It is essential for both PVC plasticized manufacturers and end-users to weigh the implications of the costs associated with PVC production. As plasticizers and markets constantly change, so too are the opportunities to increase the cost-performance ratio in a PVC application for interested parties.

Effect on Flexibility and Plasticity

The use of plasticizers in the formulations of PVC is quite important as far as improving the material’s flexibility and plasticity is concerned. Softening agents like phthalates are used in PVC to enhance its softness and flexibility, thus allowing the material to be easily shaped into different forms. These plasticizers decrease the intermolecular forces between the chains of PVC polymers, thus allowing them to be more mobile, rendering the material the required flexibility.

Bear in mind that the choice and amount of plasticizers used can greatly influence the mechanical strength of the PVC. There are distinct plasticizers that have enhanced characteristics of flexibility and elasticity; hence, a tradeoff between desired performance, cost, and other issues must be made. The type and amount of plasticizers used and the way they are processed change some mechanical characteristics of the material, such as flexibility, tensile strength, and elongation at break.

A key requirement for PVC manufacturers and users is evaluating the application needs and selecting the appropriate plasticizers to enhance the flexibility and plasticity of PVC, given factors such as use, environment, regulations, and cost. This enables them to use the appropriate plasticizers in the right proportions to prepare PVC formulations that are flexible and plastic to some extent while still responding to the performance and cost-effectiveness of the formulations.

In this regard, it is important to stress that the information generally comes from industry experience and research. It is also advisable to address the professionals and carefully perform all the tests necessary for the application.

What Are the Applications of Plastic Additives and Fillers?

What Are the Applications of Plastic Additives and Fillers?

Use in Automotive and Construction Industries

Plastic additives, as well as fillers, enhance material performance in construction and automotive applications. These industries have material requirements such as weathering, strength, and durability to a certain extent. As a result, plastic additives and fillers are also selected and adopted in polymers as per the requirements.

The automotive sector uses plastic additives and fillers to improve the mechanical properties of its components, which include bumpers, dashboards, and interior panels. Additives and fillers give plastic bumpers heat—and impact-resistant properties and increase their dimensional stability, improving the service life of automotive parts. Also, plastic additives and fillers are advantageous in weight savings, which enhances fuel economy.

In the building sector, plastic additives and fillers are extensively used in pipes, cables, insulation materials, and roofing membranes. These additives provide additional features to construction materials, such as fire retardant, UV-resistant, weatherable, and enhanced flexural mechanical properties. Plastic additives and fillers also enhance the economy by enabling the use of low-density materials and cheaper production techniques.

Overall, the use of plastic additives and fillers can enhance material performance while keeping costs to a minimum within the automotive and construction sectors. These materials have better performance parameters, improved durability, and energy efficiency, which add to the sustainability and dependability of the structures and vehicles.

If so, the information provided here is applicable only from the industry perspective and the applicable research. It is important to work with specialized industries and conduct field measurements to obtain the correct values for specific applications.

Enhancements in Coatings and Adhesives

Within Coatings and Adhesives, plastic additives and fillers have brought about an entirely new level of performance and efficiency. The benefits include improved strength, bond characteristics, and excellent abrasion, corrosion, and environmental protection. Thanks to the achievements in polymer chemistry, coatings and adhesives can provide better adhesion, more flexibility, and higher chemical resistance. Such improvements allow for obtaining high-quality coatings and adhesives that meet the strict requirements of the industry and, at the same time, are cost-effective.

In coatings, plastic additives and fillers enhance film covering, surface protection, and the cosmetic value of the final coating. The inclusion of these additives can impart the coated product with greater hardness, scratch resistance, and UV resistance. Also, they can improve the adhesion of coatings to the substrates, which will protect them from weather, chemicals, and mechanical abuse in the long run.

At the same time, within the adhesives area, plastic additives and fillers have certain beneficial aspects. They have the potential to strengthen and toughen the bonded joint to withstand temperature fluctuations and bond well to many substrates. As a result, these improvements yield dependable and lasting adhesive joints for widespread uses, including those found in automobiles, buildings, and electronics.

It has to be emphasized that individual characteristics and benefits of coatings and adhesives depend on the type and ratios of plastic additives and fillers used in the formulation. Various factors, such as particle dimensions and geometry, chemical applicability to polymeric matrices, and particle distributions, also influence the effectiveness of coatings and adhesives.

In the future, when high-performance coatings and adhesives are developed using advanced polymer chemistry and additive technology, we will be able to integrate such coatings and adhesives in an even wider range of industries and applications—all while abiding by privacy policy regulations of related fields, thanks to the advancement of plasticizers and fillers. Hence, the coatings and adhesives will be more developed to match the increased needs of the different industries.

Incorporation in Flooring and Wood Flour Products

Additives and fillers are often used in the composition of polymers to improve the properties and performance of wood flour and flooring products. Firstly, I need to understand the flooring and wood flour product groups better. A filler is any material added to a product to either dilute its bulk or modify a certain property. Thinking about flooring and wood flour products, incorporating such substances will have the doe-stated effects:

  • First, I notice that Enhanced Strength and Durability: Additives and fillers are known for enhancing the mechanical properties of polymers. These properties now enable flooring and wood flour products to resist excessive wear, impact, and deformation.
  • Secondly, Improved Stability and Dimensional Changes: Additives and fillers can help reduce the volumetric changes associated with heating, cooling, humidifying, or dehydrating the aggregate or product.
  • Third is Enhanced Fire Resistance: Some additives can provide the desired fire-retardant effect to the flooring and wood flour products as they blend in well with the chemical additives, so there is more fire resistance towards the products.
  • Fourth on the list is increased Resistance to Moisture and Decay: Some frostproof additives, along with fillers, make the finished product resistant to mold and decay, thereby enabling it to last longer and look good aesthetically.
  • Last but not least, Improved Appearance and Aesthetics: Other attributes like texture, color, and even other fillers have a visual appeal that will enhance the products.

Through the controlled use of certain additives and fillers, flooring and wood flour products can be customized for specific attributes and levels of performance. Such parameters include additive and filler type, their size and distribution, and their interaction with the polymers that constitute the plastic used in these applications.

How Do Additives and Fillers Influence Polymer Chemistry?

How Do Additives and Fillers Influence Polymer Chemistry?

Impact on Glass Transition Temperature and Modulus

Using additives and fillers on the properties of polymeric compounds, such as the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the geometric modulus, generally shows a huge change. These changes, in turn, greatly impact the materials’ mechanical properties and performance. Additives and fillers have to be poly-functional because they can increase or decrease the Tg and modulus, which depends on their chemical makeup and bonding with a polymer.

When certain additives and fillers are combined with the polymer, certain properties, such as the Tg and modulus of the polymer, are greatly increased. Increased values of the Tg results in stiffness, strength, and dimensional stability of the final product, which translates to significant hardness of the material. Some other types of additives and fillers may produce the opposite effect by plasticizing the substance and lowering the Tg and the modulus of the polymer. This can be useful when high flexibility and enhanced impact resistance are required while allowing for increased flowability during processing.

To optimize the desired values of Tg and modulus, additions and fillers should be chosen carefully in terms of type, size, and amount. Optimizing the parameters will ensure the polymer’s good performance in conditions where the polymer compound matrix is used.

However, polymer engineers and material scientists are able to design specific compound properties by adding strength modifiers and fillers and enhance the performance of products in general by controlling the glass transition temperature and modulus.

Role in Flame Retardancy and Oxidation

Fillers and additives help improve the polymeric compounds’ flame retardants and oxidation-resistant properties. Additives for imparting flame retardant properties to bonded polymers include halogenated compounds, phosphorus-based compounds, and intumescent-type fire retardants. These additives will help release gases that prevent the spread of the flame, generate protective char layers, or help form carbon barriers when exposed to heat or flames.

To protect polymers from degradation upon contact with oxygen, heat, light, or other reactive molecules, fillers such as antioxidants and UV stabilizers are included in polymer compounds for better oxidation resistance. Antioxidants quench free radicals that initiate oxidation reactions, thereby reducing many oxidation reactions; this improves the service life of the polymer and its performance.

Factors like the individual polymer matrix, regulatory factors, and application requirements, including the use of flame retardant and oxidation-resistant additives, dictate their selection and optimization. Engineers and material scientists can enhance the safety, reliability, and durability of polymeric materials used in numerous industries, including automotive, construction, electronics, and aerospace when the right fillers and additives are used.

In this regard, it must be emphasized that the mentioned effectiveness and performance of additives and fillers for flame retardancy and oxidation resistance depend on the specific polymer system, testing conditions, and regulatory frameworks. This clarifies the importance of the industry standards, testing, and consulting initiatives for reliable results in respective applications.

Considerations for Polymeric Compounds

There are various factors to consider for improving polymeric materials’ flame resistance and oxidation resistance. Evaluating these factors is crucial for engineers and material scientists in selecting and optimizing which additives and fillers to use. These factors that you need to check are:

  1. Polymer Matrix: The specific polymer used in the compound plays a crucial role in determining the efficacy of flame retardant and oxidation-resistant additives. It is obvious that different polymers have different structures and chemical properties and use them unless it is deemed compatible.
  2. Application Requirements: The intended application of the polymeric compound is among the major determinants in the selection of the appropriate additives. Because each industry is governed by targets of safety, regulation and performance it is important to understand exactly what targets need to be satisfied. It is very important to increase knowledge of these requirements since they will inform better the choice of additives to be used.
  3. Regulatory ComplianceTwo or more forms of Regulation on flame resistance and oxidation resistance may differ across industries and geographic areas hence affecting which chemical additives are used in the formulations. Strategies should be applied on which regulation applicable in the situation when selecting additives and fillers to ensure compliance.
  4. Environmental Considerations: Lately, might it concern anyone that the additive/filler aspect of the end product’s environmental impact will become the most critical consideration when determining these materials, or bio-based additives in particular?

However, addictives and fillers do not always perform the same in specific polymer-based composites or in different industries and conditions. An effort to make a competent resolution is dependent on referencing standard practices for detailed testing procedures that are accepted and practiced to the best of our knowledge.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
image source:https://www.linkedin.com/posts/civil-engineer-dk_difference-between-plasticizer-superplasticizer-activity-7018468981556613121-nCk7

Q: What is the main distinction between fillers and polymeric plasticizers?

A: The chief difference is in their functions: fillers are substances added to plastics to improve their volume and strength properties, such as hardness and wear resistance, whereas plasticizers are substances introduced to improve flexibility and facilitate the lowering of the glass transition temperature.

Q: How does adding a plasticizer affect the properties of polymers?

A: Polymers’ properties are altered because they work to increase their flexibility, thereby increasing their workability. This is made possible by the plasticizers that wrap themselves between the polymer chain, reducing the intermolecular forces and, thus, the glass transition temperature.

Q: What function do plasticizers perform in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products?

A: In PVC products, plasticizer is used to obtain flexible polyvinyl chloride, which makes it applicable in producing cables and hoses, among other things. PVC plasticizers improve the material’s flexibility while decreasing its brittleness and improving its resilience to wear and tear.

Q: Are you able to say that fillers and additives contribute to the thermal stability of polymers?

A: Yes, definitely, because fillers and additives can greatly influence the thermal stability of polymers. Some fillers, like talc, can improve the thermal stability of a polymer, while other polymers will need extra stabilizers to prevent thermal degradation.

Q: What is the significance of stabilizers in polymer production?

A: Well, stabilizers are essential since they even prevent polymers from degradation induced by the processing and usage of mechanical heat, ultraviolet radiation, and chemical reactions. They contribute to the preservation of the color, flexibility, and mechanical properties of the polymer over time.

Q: What can be named as ordinary plasticizers used in PVC?

A: Common plasticizers used are phthalates and adipates esters, which are soluble compounds that help make plastic more flexible and enhance processability. Another category of additives is phosphates, which can also impart flame-retardant properties.

Q: How can polymers’ physical properties be enhanced with fillers?

A: Fillers physically change the properties of resins, polymers, or elastomers by adding rigidity and increasing wear resistance and electrical conductivity. In some cases, replacing more expensive resin materials reduces overall costs.

Q: What does the concentration of a plasticizer do to a polymer solution?

A: Yes, plasticizers do affect the viscosity of a polymer solution. They lower the viscosity of polymer solutions, making processing and molding techniques easier to apply. Lowering viscosity also helps with filler and additive dispersion within the polymer.

Q: Are there some plasticizers that are not environmentally friendly?

A: Yes, environmental and health issues have been raised related to some phthalate plasticizers due to their ability to leach from products and pose risks to the health of people and wildlife. Efforts are ongoing to find sustainable solutions and policy measures to tackle the problem; hence, developed countries remain on the frontline.

Q: How do Additives and emulsifiers influence polymers’ solubility and adhesion features?

A: Fillers can influence the solubility and/or adhesion of polymers through their surface properties and compatibility with other materials. Plasticizers, for instance, can add flexibility, which could improve adhesion by enhancing contact with surfaces and minimizing brittleness.

Reference Sources

1. “The Critical Role of Fillers in Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery” byXueying Yang et al. (2023):

  • This article highlights the influence that fillers particularly play in composite polymer electrolytes, which in this case are for lithium batteries. The study showed how the fillers could help improve the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the electrolytes, which are very important for the batteries to perform (Yang et al., 2023).

2. “Core-Shell Engineering of Conductive Fillers toward Enhanced Dielectric Properties” by Wenying Zhou et al. (2022):

  • This research deals with conductive fillers and how they are designed and made to increase the effectiveness of polymer composite dielectrics. The study explores the mechanism of polarization and core-shell structure enhancement of the fillers to optimize the dielectric properties of the polymers (Zhou et al., 2022).

3. “Natural Fillers as Potential Modifying Agents for Epoxy Composition: A Review” by Natalia Sienkiewicz et al. (2022):

  • In this review, the functionality of natural fillers is explored, considering their composition of eco-friendly and economically viable epoxy resins. Different natural fillers have been discussed in this paper regarding their influence on epoxy composites’ mechanical and thermal characteristics (Sienkiewicz et al., 2022).

4. “Effect of Various Plasticizers in Different Concentrations on Physical, Thermal, Mechanical, and Structural Properties of Wheat Starch-Based Films” by E. Dmitrenko et al. (2022):

  • This research investigates the role of certain plasticizers in starch-based films, especially wheat starch-based films. It emphasizes how the addition of plasticizers such as glycerol and sorbitol increases the flexibility and homogeneity of the films’ mechanical and thermal properties (Dmitrenko et al., 2022).

5. “Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch nanocomposite films,” effectuated by Razali Mohamad Omar Syafiq et al. (2022): 

  • This research investigates the effect of plasticizers on the physical properties of mechanical and nanocomposite film. It is observable how different categories of plasticizers and their ratios increase film properties for future edible packaging coatings (Syafiq et al., 2022, pp. 423–437).

6. “A targeted review of bio-derived plasticizers with flame retardant functionality used in PVC,” by A. Morgan and P. Mukhopadhyay (2022): 

  • This article concerns one of the bio-derived plasticizers that can have flame retardant in PVC. It highlights these plasticizers’ “two-in-one” problem and their applications (Morgan & Mukhopadhyay, 2022, pp. 7155–7172).

7. Diverging trends of plasticizers (phthalates and non-phthalates) in indoor and freshwater environments; why? by R. Nagorka et al. (2022):

  • This article discusses environmental patterns of plasticizers, particularly the trends towards using chlorinated polymers. It stresses the importance of comprehensive chemical management in maintaining safety (Nagorka et al., 2022, pp. 1–15).

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