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Understanding the Difference Between Conical and Parallel Twin Screw Extruders

Understanding the Difference Between Conical and Parallel Twin Screw Extruders
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Polymers are an integral part of fast-moving consumer goods; therefore, knowledge about the complexities of different extruder types is key for fine-tuning the anticipated outcome and production optimization. One of the critical differences is between the conical or parallel twin screw extruder setup. This comprehensive guide will detail the aspects of these extruder designs that set them apart, their working mechanisms, and the suitable conditions under which other differences exist between each system, especially when considering the parallel and conical designs. This article lays out the main differences so that, as a reader, you understand the available options and can make well-informed purchases based on what extruder meets your criteria. So, let’s begin our journey into the conical and parallel twin screw extruder universe!

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What is a Twin Screw Extruder?

What is a Twin Screw Extruder?

A twin screw extruder represents a technologically advanced version of a screw extruder. These machines apply to diverse industries such as food, plastics, and rubber. Twin screw extruders use two parallel rotating screws, which melt, shape and mix the material. This is different from the operation of conical twin screws, which rotates in one direction. A significant advantage of a twin screw extruder compared to a single screw extruder is that it has improved mixing capabilities and improved controls on the process parameters, and It can be widely used for polymer processing, compounding, and extrusion technologies. Twin screw extruders have a broad application because of their ability to process wide scope of materials and good control over processing conditions.

Basics of Twin Screw Extruders

Twin screw extruders represent a broad range of machines used for polymer processing, polymer compounding, or in extrusion. They are comprised of two levers that share a common axis and can mix the materials, heat, and mold them. Contrary to single screw extruders, twin screw extruders are capable of more effective mixing of materials and better process control. They are important because they tend to process more outstanding varieties of materials and improve the efficiency in some industries. Their versatility and efficiency give these machines great control over the extrusion process, making them very attractive in polymer processing.

Applications in Polymer Processing

Due to their functionality and effectiveness, industries widely utilize conical and parallel twin-screw extruders within their polymer processing. Because of their versatility, they have greater control over the precision of the extrusion process. Some frequent uses of twin screw extruders in polymer processing are:

  1. Compounding: Large quantities of twin-screw extruders are used to add fillers, additives, or ingredients to polymers. This enhances the characteristics of the material bond, resulting in improved bonding and performance of the polymer.
  2. Polymer Blending, which is enhanced using conical twin screws due to the distinct characteristics and advantages they carry over several other types of extruders.: Custom polymer mixtures with specific embracing characteristics are synthesized with the help of twin screw extruders by blending different polymer resins. This is important in many industries which require specific materials.
  3. Reactive Extrusion: Triggering chemical reactions during processing is also made easy using twin-screw extruders that incorporate reactive components into the bacterial melt, allowing it to be done during extrusion. This creates new opportunities for polymer transformations, including polymer addition, enhancement in the materials’ capabilities, and strengthening through linking.
  4. Masterbatch Production: Concentrated pigments, fillers, or additives dispersed in a polymer matrix can be produced through masterbatching, which utilizes twin screw extruders. These masterbatches can then later be used to enhance or change the properties of definite types of polymers.
  5. Film and Sheet Extrusion: Twin-screw extruders are employed to attain thin films and sheets with accurate thickness. This technology has many applications, such as in the automotive, construction, and packaging industries.

Incorporating twin-screw extruders enables polymer processors to carry out the extrusion process efficiently and in a controlled manner, producing good-quality extrudates with properties that suit industry standards’ specific requirements.

How Twin-Screw Extruders Work

Twin-screw extruders are an advanced type of machine used for making a great variety of plastic films, sheets, and other extruded products. Twin-screw extruders consist of two intermeshing screws inside a barrel, which rotates, enabling controlled kneading, melting, and shaping of the polymer material. The basic principles of operation of twin screw extruders can be simplified as follows:

  1. Material Feeding: The incoming material, in the form of polymer pellets or powders, is fed into the extruder via a hopper. The rotating screws then push the material to the processing zone.
  2. Melting and Mixing: The material that is to be processed is conveyed along the barrel, which has melt zones with heating elements. The rotation of the screws along the barrel mixes the molten polymer and increases the temperature. Thanks to the screws kneading and combining actions, any mechanical motion is delivered, allowing the polymer to obtain the desired composition and complete melting across all the sections.
  3. Pressure Build-up: Because of the constant rotation and interaction between the screws, a chamber comprising of screws is formed. It can be noted that the pressure of the molten polymer in its build goes through a continuous floodgates channel, which expands, meaning that due to the pressure sent, mixing material is evenly spread out.
  4. Shaping and Cooling: The heated end of the barrel requires the polymer that needs extrusion to undergo solidification via extrusion through a die that molds it into the desired shape. Air or water cooling mechanisms are applied to effect cooling and solidification of the extrudate.

Twin screw extruders help to improve the quality of a product during its manufacture, improve the rate of production, and alter the properties of materials. Furthermore, with appropriate screw designs, barrel temperatures, and different such parameters, polymer processors can achieve desired results for various applications like packing, construction, automotive, and others.

Exploring the Conical Twin Screw Extruder

Exploring the Conical Twin Screw Extruder

Design and Structure of Conical Twin Screws

With my understanding of polymer processing, I can present the design and structure of conical twin screws. Conical twin screws are essential parts of extruder and extrusion technology which enhances the processes toward improved precision control over the mechanical systems as well as other processes within and without the industry. This construction CWS comprises two helical flights of the same screw shape rotating about the axis of the screw in such a way that the diameter of the screw decreases along the length of the screw. Such a design promotes the capability of a screw to mix and melt the plastic supplied from the feed zone to the discharge zone. The constructional geometry of the conical twin screws makes it possible for greater pressure generation during the operation of the screw, thereby increasing the melting ability and increasing the self-wiping action of the screw resulting in raised standards of the product and greater productivity. Conical twin screws have a unique structure that allows the manufacturer to give specific material characteristics of their choice, of which the end product will always maintain a desirable standard, making them applicable in diverse areas such as packaging, construction, and other automotive parts and accessories.

Advantages of Using Conical Twin-Screw Extruder

Based on my experiences, I would say that working with a conical twin-screw extruder in terms of plastic extrusion mechanizations is a win-win situation as it has been established and proven on various levels. The design concept that these twin screws possess and the fact that they are tapered allow substantial productivity enhancements and improvement in the product quality, showcasing how the conical twin screw is distinguished from flat twin-screw configurations. Here are some advantages to take into account:

  1. Enhanced Quality of a Melt A conical extruder head helps generate more pressure inside of the extruder, which in return provides better melt quality and concomitantly better processing capabilities, showing the distinctiveness of the conical screw design about parallel screw systems. This feature is beneficial for materials that can be extruded only under high pressure.
  2. Wide Range of Products Can Be Melted: The decreasing diameter of the conical twin screws results in an enhancement in the melting capacity of the extruder. Thus the long-length conical twin screws enable the fabrication of a variety of materials having different melt viscosity.
  3. Less Scraper Wear: The design of the conical twin screws brings about a certain self-wiping feature and allows the extrusion to be somewhat uniform and clean. This minimizes the chances of the material getting degraded, improving product quality.
  4. Embedded Material Properties: The adaptability of conical twin bolts enables the realization of embedded materials with distinct properties. For instance, by controlling various processing parameters and modifying screw configurations, it becomes possible to extrude products of desired characteristics and performance attributes.
  5. Applications from Various Industries: Conical twin screw extruders are used in the packaging and construction industry and the automotive industry. This type of extruder is very versatile and can be used to extrusion many different products.

As a result, it can be concluded that, in its operation, the conical twin screw extruder offers many benefits during plastic extrusion processes. Such enhancements as increased pressure, improved melting capacity, self-wiping action, material flexibility, and wider applications are elegant solutions to the problem. These advantages result in more effective processes and greater quality of the product obtained, therefore with these characteristics the conical twin screw extruder is a favorable instrument for manufacturers’ purpose in the sector.

Common Uses in PVC Pipe Extrusion

Extrusion for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is extensively used in diverse branches of industry, and the extrusion process of a parallel twin-screw extruder is critical to promoting better production processes. Such an extruder is capable of performing quality processing quickly. Below are some of the sectors where parallel twin-screw extruders are mostly used.

  1. Water Supply and Drainage Systems: The parallel twin screw extruder is employed in making PVC pipes for water supply and drainage systems, thus demonstrating the cross-functional use of different types of extruders. Pipes of this nature have low failure rates, do not rust easily, and have smooth surfaces inside, allowing water to flow freely for extended periods.
  2. Irrigation Systems: PVC pipes produced using the twin-screw parallel extruder are widely used in irrigation systems. These pipes are economical and practical for delivering water to the farm, thus increasing the efficiency of irrigation systems.
  3. Construction and Building Applications: PVC pipes produced via a twin-screw parallel extruder are also robust and used in various construction and building applications. They are used in plumbing pipes, ducts for underground cables, and sewer systems, among other things.
  4. Electrical Conduit Systems: Parallel twin-screw extruders produce PVC electrical conduit pipes. These pipes offer great electrical separation and provide safety and reliability for electric wires installed in different structures, such as residential, commercial, and industrial.

With the assistance of the parallel twin-screw extruder, manufacturers in the PVC pipe extrusion sector can answer the requirements of such rigid applications, achieving long-lasting, durable, effective, and efficient products.

Understanding the Parallel Twin-Screw Extruder

Understanding the Parallel Twin-Screw Extruder

Key Features of Parallel Twin Screws

The PVC pipe extrusion industry owes a great deal to the parallel twin screws as they allow manufacturers to satisfy stringent application requirements. These types of extruders tend to come with various configurations that enhance their effectiveness, ensuring the production of high-quality PVC conduits. Some of the major configurations of parallel twin screws are as follows:

  1. Symmetrical Configuration: Twin parallel screws are made up of two screws mounted next to each other such that they are parallel in longitudinal axis orientation. This configuration makes it possible to achieve equal flow rates of materials and equal melting duties, thus achieving the same output through extrusion, which is essential while addressing the differences between parallel and conical extruders.
  2. High Torque Level: twin parallel screws were built to withstand high torque levels, hence the ability to process material of varying viscosity became possible whereby complete melting and complete mixing could be done. This feature guarantees that the quality of the final extruded pipe is PVC of good and varied characteristics.
  3. Self-Cleaning Effect: the combination of geometrical characteristics of the parallel twin screws and the screw action shreds some material during the operation bringing about a self-cleansing, self-wiping action. This lowers the likelihood of material accumulation, improves operations, and makes cleaning and maintaining your machinery apparatus less time-consuming.
  4. Diverse Screw Configurations Design: The use of a twin-screw parallel zipper has several areas of ease as far as screw configurations are concerned; for instance, one can use different screw diameters, different pitch lengths, or different depths of flight. To meet particular material features and extrusion requirements, manufacturers may change the design of the screw.
  5. Improved Heat Exchange: Twin-screw parallel zippers enhance heat transfer during the process examiner within the barrel of the extruder. This improved effective heat transfer accelerates the melting process, ensuring more effective melting and temperature, resulting in improved product consistency and minimal risk of the product burning.

In relation to these features, PVC pipe extrusion processes can be efficient. Manufacturers obtain twin-screw PVC pipes that can be used in the home, commercial, or industrial settings as they meet the specifications of these areas.

Benefits of Parallel Twin-Screw Extruder Design

The advantages brought by the design of parallel twin-screw extruders are remarkable in the extrusion of pipes made of PVC. These advantages include:

  1.  Better Heat Transfer: The melting of the resins is substantially aided by the extrusion barrel’s geometry and its twin-parallel-screw design. Through such efficient heat transfer, uniform melting and uniform temperature control are achieved, which is crucial in minimizing the product’s thermal degradation risk.
  2.  Enhanced Product Quality: Since the melting is uniform and attained through uniform temperature control, the extruded PVC pipes, through the parallel twin-screw design, are high-performance. This enables the manufacturers to satisfy the high demands of all types of applications, be they residential, commercial, or industrial, and ensure that the quality of the product is consistent.
  3.  Productive production processes using extrusion: With the design of a parallel twin screw extruder, there is an extrusion that is easy and dependable to carry out. Good mixing properties are obtainable; the materials are well mixed or blended, leading to better consistency. The control of extrusion process parameters such as the residence time or the output has also improved, which translates to better efficiency in the production.

In conclusion, developing parallel twin-screw PVC pipe extruders will effectively solve the problems of increased heat transfer, process efficiency, improved product quality, and increased peak stresses. These improvements will allow the manufacturers of such pipes to produce high-performance products with good operating characteristics for various consumers.

Applications in Plasticizing and Molding

The use of parallel twin-screw extruders is quite broad in plasticization and molding. The mixer screw, in such a case, does complete the task with the complete blending of all the materials into a uniform, amenable mixture. This further enables them to be used for different plastic processes, including making pipes for PVC. The appropriate self-locking mechanism allows the extruder to control parameters, including temperature, which increases production efficiency. By improving the heat transfer and the control over the process of extrusion, parallel twin screw extruders allow the manufacturers to dispense constant and relatively high quality and performance PVC pipes that are suitable to withstand numerous application requirements.

Comparing Parallel and Conical Twin Screw Extruders

Comparing Parallel and Conical Twin Screw Extruders

Differences in Diameter and Length of the Screw

One of the major differences between parallel twin screw extruders and conical twin screw extruders is the screw length and diameter. Emphasizing this difference are the larger screw diameters of the parallel twin screw extruder as against the conical twin screw extruder, which has smaller diameters. The larger diameter enhances the output and improves the mixing efficiency, translating to better product consistency. But on the other hand, conical twin screw extruders tend to have a smaller diameter at the feeding zone and a larger diameter at the discharge zone because they have a tapered screw design. This aids in more efficient conveying and melting of materials, although they are recommended for applications where the material is sensitive to temperature and requires low torque during processing. In general, the processing needs of the application and the needed properties of the finished products guide the selection of parallel twin screw extruders and conical twin screw extruders.

Shear and Axes Considerations

An extruder that has twin screws is often evaluated and distinguished according to twin shear and twin axes concepts. This is because twin screws in the case of an extruder work in a parallel fashion which leads to the force being created where the extruder’s screws are situated, resulting in a shear force. Due to such forces, deformation and mixing of an extruder material is performed. The effects produced are also supposed to meet the end requirements as described in the specifications—the displacement of Material between Using Twin Conical and Parallel Screws Effects Extrusion Processes.

Parallel Twin Screw Extruders:

The screws constructed within the parallel twin-screw extruders have the same diameter along their entire length, owing to all screws rotating in the same direction. Due to the lean position of the conical screws, one can rotate in a clockwise direction while the other is counter-clockwise. As a result, when material moves in through one rotating screw and is discharged out through the other opposite-hand rotating screw, there is a minimum possibility of consistent heat dispersion. Such heat dispersion would prevent higher shear forces from being employed, which at times are needed when pushing material out; hence during extrusion, the rotating screws would allow uniform dispersion while being consistent in desired molecular arrangements.

Conical Twin Screw Extruders:

Conical screw pairs are also known widely in the industry owing to the increase in diameter from the feeding end to the discharge end, causing the rotation direction to shift. It is important to note that such an arrangement does not affect the angle within which the screws are arranged, which significantly affects material transmission. Conical screw pairs ensure that such materials are conveyed and subsequently melted, hence leading to accurate specifications being achieved but due to altered screw direction rotation, minimal shear is experienced. This is advantageous since materials sensitive to shear perform better in such environments, guaranteeing consistent temperatures.

Performance in Various Extrusion Processes

The type of extruders which have a major impact on the extrusion processes requirements are cone-type and parallel-type of twin screw extruders. This decision is dependent upon the output of more parameters, such as

Mixing and Output Rate:

Due to their larger diameter, screw-less mixing takes place with parallel twin screw extruders increasing the output rate and level of homogeneity of the product.

Conveying and in the process melting efficiency:

This type of cone twin screw extruder is efficient and helpful when there is a need for thin and sensitive material for the extrusion since it does have good conveying and melting qualities; the summit’s form does assist in losing strain and better handling of the material.

Thus before using parallel and conical twin screw extruders, make sure you have studied the requirements of your project as well as of the material and the quality and the level of efficiency of processing that is required. The best possible extruder type will assist in maximizing your desired output from the extrusion operation.

Choosing Between Parallel or Conical Twin Screw Extruders

Choosing Between Parallel or Conical Twin Screw Extruders

Factors to Consider for Your Project

Parallel twin screw extruders and conical twin screw extruders have their distinct advantages and disadvantages, and as with any other machine, one must keep in mind specific requirements. Outlined below are some essential considerations while deciding which is best suited for your application:

  1. Material Characteristics: Different materials have differing extruder characteristics. Your materials’ flow characteristics, viscosity at melting point, and responsive temperature should be considered. This will enable the team to decide what kind of extruder design will best suit the sourcing of raw goods for your specific material requirements.
  2. Desired Product Quality: The quality of the final product cannot be overlooked. Look for key characteristics, such as homogeneity, target melt temperature, and dimensional stability. Knowing these parameters will help decide which extruder design would create circumstances in which it would be possible to develop the set quality of the product.
  3. Processing Efficiency: Start by determining your output rates and mixing for that project. For even and taper conical twin screw extruders, however, when taking into consideration larger screw diameters, enhancements in output rates and mixing capabilities become an almost guaranteed norm. Such enhancement improves the level of homogeneity of the finished product, something that is necessary where a screw is compared to a parallel average. On the opposite angle, parallel twin screw extruders are quite beneficial where melt conveying and melting stage sensitivity of materials come in handy.
  4. Equipment’s cost and upkeep, especially for various kinds of extruders, have a clear bearing on the efficiency of the production as a whole. Take into account cost factors, like outlay, running costs, and maintenance costs. Determine the possible value that each type of extruder can give you, as well as the ROI on the equipment, based on your project particulars and anticipated production volume.
  5. Recommendations Made for Specific Industries: Consult them for the counsel of your industry’s experts and buy from extrusion equipment suppliers. These people have practical and technological knowledge, which is useful in understanding your industry and how to make decisions for your project based on its specifics.

With proper consideration of these aspects, one can make the right decision of using either the parallel or the conical twin screw extruder reaping maximum benefits from the extruded product. Be sure to keep in touch with specialists and providers so that your decision conforms with the trends and developments in the industry.

Cost Implications and Efficiency

Extrusion equipment can be evaluated based on the cost-benefit ratios. Here are some factors to consider:

  1. Computation of the costs involved: There is a need to evaluate the cost of set up and initial costs incurred when purchasing both parallel twin screws and conicals. Up front and upfront costs associated with parallel and conical extruders should be considered critical.
  2. On the other hand, costs for power, raw materials, and maintenance will save the company money or increase its net profits. First, analyze the long-term costs associated with every type of extruder. Consider how these factors affect your budget year in and year out, from energy consumption to raw material consumption and maintenance costs.
  3. Estimating Cost for after-sales service: In this context, explain why these twin screw extruders require replacement spare parts and consumables: What are the maintenance intervals, what are the maintenance intervals, what spare parts are available, and what expertise is available for maintenance for the type of extruder? This is vital when conceptualizing maintenance formality, such as foreseeing costs and regular servicing.
  4. Efficiency and Productivity: When determining the efficiency and productivity of each (of the additional) extruder types, consider the production capacity, the speed of processing, and the production of various components. This evaluation will enable you to choose the extruder that meets your production volume requirements and provides uniform production.

Such major implications, which deal with cost factors and efficiency, when carefully planned, can help you select an option that realistically fulfills your project’s requirements and future goals.

Industry-Specific Recommendations

For instance, getting a few recommendations concerning extrusion equipment from specialist suppliers is advisable since it would improve your understanding. These experts are highly knowledgeable about your industry and have relevant advice. Based on your specific needs, they will help you choose the right extruder that meets project design, production, and quality standards.

The best part is that by consulting such professionals, you get to use their knowledge and exposure so that the decision you make incorporating their advice incorporates the latest trends in the industry. As such, dire recommendations in that area can provide you with better alternatives for achieving the objectives you set for your particular application in the extrusion process.

Considering the cost implications and other related efficiency requirements and after applying the recommendations of industry experts, you will be in a better position to choose between using either of the twin screw extruders, be it parallel or conical design, for your extrusion work.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: Please elucidate the differences between parallel twin screw extruders and conical twin screw extruders.

A: The main differences between parallel twin screw extruders and conical twin screw extruders lie in their screw configurations. Conical twin screw extruders are formed by twisting two screws, each of which is narrower at the top than at the bottom, towards a barrel, where raw materials are placed. This is one of the design features of the parallel twin screw extruder. It can affect the shape and orientation of the extrudate as well as the efficiency of the properties.

Q: What is the difference in terms of the screw part length of the extruder between a parallel and a conical twin screw extrusion

A: In screw extruders of the parallel type, it is common for a screw to be used with a constant diameter. In a Turbine or conical twin screw extruder, on the other hand, the part length of the screw may be affected by its conical shape, which runs tapering from small to large diameter. This is in contrast to the design of the parallel twin screw extruder that processes shapes and forms of uniform cross-sections.

Q: What part do the two axes of the conical twin screw extruder play in its working?

A: The two axes of the conical twin screw extruder give sufficient mixing and shear as the materials are traversing through the extruder. Thanks to its two screw axes, the conical design forms a distinct methodology of processing materials with different characteristics and thus contributes positively towards the blending and compounding of materials during the processes of plastics processing.

Q: Why is the thrust bearing importance in twin screw extruders?

A: The thrust bearing is significant in twin screw extruders because it provides the axial bearing to the load which is created during the extrusion process. For this case in point, both in parallel and conical twin screw extruders, the thrust bearing is a performance enhancer to the machine in that it prevents the machine components from excessive wear and tear; thus longevity of the extruder is also enhanced.

Q: What applications are better suited with conical twin screw extruders?

A: Conical twin screw extruders are best suited to operations that involve materials of different viscosities and intricate ensiform mixing operations. They are also applied to plastics to process pipe profiles and other products that require clean material blending.

Q: What is the importance of screw design in parallel extruders?

A: In parallel extruder screws of the same diameter are not modified along their length so that shear and mixing are uniform throughout the length of the screw, which is rigid in design, meaning greater end product consistency and less variability during mass production where precision over the end product is of utmost importance.

Q: How would you describe the “screw to the outer circle” phrasing?

A: Shear and engagement of the screw threads to the barrel’s outer surface in a twin screw extruder greatly facilitates the two end problems, such as inadequate material extrusion and excess material flow from the feed section. This issue is aggravated when the screws are conical in shape due to the increase in inflow angle towards the outer barrel surface.

Q: What are the advantages of twin-screw extruders over single-screw extruders?

A: Twin-screw extruders, along with separable parallel and conical screw types, enhance the mixing, shear, and compounding processing more than the single screw configuration. They have relatively better and more efficient material treatment, making them more useful when dealing with various complicated blends and tasks in which specific characteristics of a particular material are essential.

Q: What impact does the screw diameter ratio have on the functioning of parallel twin screw extruders?

A: Concerning shear and folding, the ratio of the screw diameter in parallel twin screw extruders is an essential factor. As the diameter ratio increases, the area available for mixing increases as well; thus, the blending and compounding characteristics of the extruder can be improved further by making them appropriate for high-output applications.

Reference Sources

1. General Explanation

  • Screw Extruders: The screw extruders have the typical shape but let the use of the devices for feeding be of a uniform diameter around their axis, which is the shaft of the device itself. A single-screw extruder has advantages in terms of its energy cost and ability to produce homogenized products. A single-screw extruder has great rotating volumes in its feeding elements v.r.t. its die end. This geometry helps as the material experiences differentiated pressure during the process—conical extruders process materials through intense mixing and merging, which allow for thorough blending of the materials.
  • Twin-Screw Extruders: These extruders incorporate two helical screws that rotate in the same or opposite direction. They can be designed in a variety of configurations according to the specifications of the particular application. Twin-screw extenders work on the screw principle, employing a rotating shaft that pushes the material in those sections having low pressure. The broad usability of twin screw extruders makes them applicable in the processes of mixing, dispersing, compounding, and refining special materials.

Relevant Studies in the Contexts

1. Study on the Mixing Performance of a Co-rotating Conical Twin-Screw Extruder: 

  • This study by Cheng Jinnan investigates the co-rotating conical twin-screw extruder in terms of its mixing performance and the dispersive and distributive mixing characteristics of conical and parallel twin-screw extruders. The investigation revealed that polymers extruded using a conical twin-screw extruder had a greater degree of dispersive mixing and also more stable extrusion than those that employed parallel twin-screw extruders (Jinnan, 2011).

2. Processing and Properties of Plastic Lumber:

  • The paper by F D Santos et al. explains the production process the authors, more specifically one of the technical options available for the “plastic lumber” technology, the use of different types of screws such as single screw, conical and parallel twin-screw extruders, in the production of plastic lumber. The research emphasizes the problem of choosing suitable extrusion equipment according to the material properties and processing conditions (Santos et al., 2018).

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