Key Differences Between Chemical Etching and Laser Marking

In the field of business engraving and etching, the challenge often focuses on selecting the most effective option, especially when using laser engraving and etching. Two of the most frequently employed methods, chemical etching, and laser marking, are easily distinguishable owing to their specific features, uses, and benefits. This post is designed to address the major differences between these two procedures to understand the advantages of each and the considerations that must be kept in mind while selecting them. If you are involved in aerospace, healthcare, or electronics, knowing the difference between engraving and other marking methods will help in establishing strategies that serve your manufacturing objectives. Marking accuracy is especially important in manufactured products for these industries. Therefore, read on to collect the helpful information that will determine the most appropriate marking method for your needs.

What is Chemical Etching and How Does it Work?

This method is good for dealing with complex designs and does not do much damage to the material’s structure. In addition, being proficient in accuracy, there is no other form of etching like chemical etching. The aerospace, electronics, and medical industries benefit from this versatile restrictive technique. Because it can work with metals, and polymers and etch fine detail markings onto their surface. Chemical etching requires the use of a masking material to be placed over a material beforehand, thus enabling some parts to be exposed to an etchant. This etchant then acts as a dissolver to everything else, which will later define the desired surface pattern.

Understanding the Chemical Etching Process

The chemical etching process has its unique advantages which render it as a preferred method of processing in several industries. One, it provides a high level of accuracy which makes it possible to make very intricate and detailed pieces without straining the material. Two, it can work on a variety of stainless steels, metals, and even some polymers. Furthermore, chemical etching is economically efficient when it comes to prototyping and mass production because it is repeatable and can create many identical pieces in one process. These features, among others, greatly enhance the efficiency of manufacturing processes, in which precision and dependability are essential.

Materials Suitable for Chemical Etching

Chemical etching is advantageous across many materials, each providing certain benefits for particular needs. Commonly used metals are stainless steel, copper, brass, aluminum, and titanium. For instance, stainless steel is highly sought after due to its resistance to corrosion and mechanical strength, which is useful in fields like medical devices and aerospace engineering.

Brass and phosphor bronze, which are copper alloys, are also in frequent use due to their remarkable ability to conduct electricity and heat. Such properties allow for the more sophisticated production of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and electrical connectors. Aluminum’s low weight and high strength is a valuable assets in the automotive and consumer electronics industries, where it is used in the fabrication of heat sinks and enclosures. Titanium is extensively used in medical implants and aerospace due to its wonderful strength-to-weight ratio and biocompatibility.

Polymers and polyimides, like Kapton®, can also be etched chemically when lightweight and flexibility are desired. Such materials are employed for insulation in aerospace and flexible electronic circuits. Besides, just like in the case of laser engraving, chemical etching allows for accuracy in the removal of materials, enabling the construction of intricate designs with precise tolerances across these materials.

Research suggests that ±0.025 mm tolerances in chemical etching can be achieved regardless of the material class. With this level of precision, chemical etching becomes an essential procedure for creating parts in crucial sectors such as electronics, automotive, aerospace, and medical industries. Manufacturers can realize both optimal performance and cost savings by choosing the appropriate material for chemical etching.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Chemical Etching

Benefits of Chemical Etching

Accuracy

• The accuracy of chemical etching is unmatched and can hold tolerances as tight as ±0.025 mm. The medical industries and electronics sectors which rely on minute details, depend on this level of precision.

Material Flexibility

• Chemical etching can be performed on a plethora of other metals and alloys, including stainless steel, brass, copper, and even titanium. This enables manufacturers to cater to various application needs.

Reduced Tooling Cost

• Chemical etching does not require elaborate tooling machinery, unlike mechanical machining. The only requirement for etching is a photochemical mask, which greatly reduces setup costs.

Design Flexibility

• Parts with complex geometries such as internal cavities or mesh structures are readily manufacturable without added assembly. There are no additional manufacturing processes necessary.

No Material Stress

• Because chemical etching utilizes no mechanical force or heat, there is no damaging distortion or alteration of the material. Because of this, it is perfect for applications needing undamaged materials.

Ease of Scaling

• Chemical etching works great for prototyping and mass production without quality loss or significantly higher costs.

Disadvantages of Chemical Etching

Material Waste

• In the process of chemical etching, the part of the material that needs reproduction is dissolved; therefore, it could have waste by-products. Although the waste material can often be recycled, the operational waste and recycle cycles can increase costs.

Environmental Concerns

• Ferric Chloride and Nitric acid are some of the chemicals used in etching that need to be handled or disposed of very carefully in order to avoid any possible damage to the environment. Consideration of environmental laws makes the issue more difficult.

Limited Material Thickness

• This approach is more advantageous with thinner materials, typically between 0.025mm and 1.5 mm. Other machining processes become more efficient and economical for thicker materials.

Surface Finish Limitations

• Depending on the process used, additional finishing of the etched surface may be needed if a particular texture, or a high degree of polish, is required on the product.

Not Suitable for Non-Metallic Materials

• Chemical etching is predominantly geared towards metals and alloys which renders it inapplicable for components made out of plastics, ceramics, or other composite materials.

With an in-depth analysis of the pros and cons, it is easier for manufacturers to make an informed decision regarding the applicability of chemical etching for their needs.

How Does Laser Marking Differ from Laser Engraving?

The Laser Marking Process Explained

A highly accurate and flexible approach to laser marking involves the use of a laser beam to etch permanent marks on the material’s surface. This technique works without removing any substances from the material’s surface; rather, it modifies the property’s surface features. The method used relies on the heat produced by the laser to change the substrate through oxidation or discoloration. Laser marking metals, plastics, ceramics, and glass are some of the common materials.

There are many different processes of laser marking, including annealing, color marking, foam marking, and carbon migration. For instance, metals can be marked using a smooth oxidation-based annealing marking, while plastics can be foam-marked to produce raised light marks. Because of the micrometer-level accuracy often obtained through laser marking, it is heavily relied on in industries like medicine, aerospace, or electronics where high precision is essential.

Recent research shows that fiber lasers, which are widely used for marking, emit radiation at approximately 1060 nm, making them more efficient and easier to maintain which is important in laser engraving compared to traditional methods. Companies appreciate laser marking because it provides clear articulation even in tough conditions of extreme heat or exposure to chemicals. In addition, as a non-contact method, laser marking reduces the risk of tool wear and guarantees high quality even with intricate shapes or small details. It remains one of the most effective methods for traceability, branding, and meeting legal requirements.

Laser Marking vs Laser Engraving: Key Differences

Though both processes involve the use of laser technologies, the differences in operational methods, modifications made to the materials, and purposes set laser marking and laser engraving apart.

Depth of Marking

Laser marking, unlike scanning and imaging, causes a discoloring or marking of the surface of the material with no deep alterations to its layers, while techniques such as annealing, foaming, or carbon migration can be employed. In contrast, laser engraving removes portions of the material through a set depth to facilitate the creation of a recessed surface which yields a deeper more tactile mark. Depending on the material’s characteristics and the application’s requirements, the engraving depth may vary between 0.02” to 0.125”.

Speed and Power Efficiency

Laser marking fulfills the need for speed in high-speed production lines, therefore, it is a faster process as well because it does not consume a substantial amount of energy or time to achieve the required results. On the other hand, laser engraving is more time-consuming because of the need to remove material, but this process is ideal for applications that require a durable product with a three-dimensional finishing.

Durability and Appeal

The surface laser markings are permanent and have almost no changes to the material’s texture, unlike the marks made by laser engravings which are deep and require a lot more textures to be added to the material. Lasers can withstand extreme wear and tear; for example, in industrial and heavy-duty work environments. As such, the engravings served on the laser tools are tangible and long-lasting.

Use Cases

In addition to electronics, medical equipment, and aerospace, laser marking is common for UID codes, logos, and bar codes. It is widely accepted across various sectors of the manufacturing industry due to its ability to work seamlessly with metals, ceramics, plastics, and others. More robust and appealing finishes like product serialization, heavy machinery, and personal gifts call for a preference for laser engravings.

Cost and Technological Advancements

Laser markings have lower power requirements which makes them cost-effective for bulk production, unlike engraving systems which require more energy and stronger systems to manage material waste. While more precise, laser marking systems have much lower capital and operational costs compared to their counterparts.

Precision Depth in Materials

Engravings have better depth in materials which makes them suitable for high-impact applications needing extreme resilience. Marking can provide clear surface identification without damaging the material, such as fragile silicon and thin films, unlike engraving which is damage-prone.

Technological development in the past few years has made the processes more precise, self-sufficient in maintenance, and flexible towards changing materials. Knowing the differences in the techniques grants the manufacturers the possibility to customize the laser machining processes to fit the intended use as well as surrounding conditions.

Choosing Between Laser Methods for Metal Marking

The appropriate method of laser metal marking selection is dependent on the characteristics of the metal to be marked, the sought-after precision of the marking, and the expected purpose of the mark. For most common metals, fiber lasers are ideal since they are highly efficient, require very little maintenance, and can engrave permanent,high-contrast marks with precision. CO2 lasers are more suitable for coated metallics or softer non-metallic materials. For fine or intricate detailing, fiber lasers provide the best resolution and consistency. It is critical to analyze the precise production needs in conjunction with the materials to be used to determine the most suitable and dependable laser technology for the job.

What Are the Differences Between Chemical Etching and Laser Marking?

Comparing Etching Processes and Laser Etching Processes

Just like chemical etching, laser etching is a distinct manufacturing technique that has its own benefits and drawbacks relative to its application. With regards to chemical etching, it involves the modification of materials through a controlled chemical reaction that eliminates substances from the workpiece area. During the process, specific patterns, texts, and shapes can be created. It is ideal for the mass production of thin and flat materials including copper and stainless steel. Chemical etching is cost-efficient for the production of intricate designs as it utilizes photolithography masks. On the other hand, this technique creates chemical waste which poses a risk to the environment.

In contrast, laser etching utilizes highly concentrated and energized laser beams to change the material surface. This can be done with great precision, allowing for deeper and more precise laser markings than with chemical etching. This approach is highly applicable to many different kinds of materials- glasses, plastics, metals, and ceramics included. Moreover, more recent developments in lasers, for example, fiber lasers, provide quick processing periods and improved resolution. As an illustration, fiber lasers can mark in speeds of as high as 7 m/s, depending on the design complexity which makes this type of laser preferable for industries that need quick customization and turnaround.

One significant difference is in the compatibility and thickness of the materials. While chemical etching works best with thin and fragile materials, laser etching can work with a broad range of materials and their thickness such as sturdy parts. Furthermore, laser etching produces virtually no waste, making it the more sustainable choice. Economically speaking, chemical etching is cost-effective for high-volume production. On the other hand, laser etching, which requires a higher upfront investment for equipment, is more accurate, produces longer-lasting marks, and is more versatile than chemical etching in low-volume, high-complexity jobs.

In the end, it is all a question of evaluating the production circumstances such as the complexity of the design, quantity to be manufactured, properties of the material, and in this way, finding the most suitable answer to the problem posed.

Cost Considerations: Chemical Etching vs Laser Marking

In evaluating costs, both chemical etching and laser marking have specific costs attached to their use. Chemical etching has a lower associated cost because the equipment required, like acid tanks and masking materials, is inexpensive. This makes it extremely useful in high-volume production runs, where the reduction in cost per unit is significant because of economies of scale. Based on industry reports, chemical etching is priced between $0.30 and $1.50 per unit, depending on the complexity of the part and materials used.

On the other hand, laser marking has a higher initial cost due to expensive equipment costing anywhere from $10,000 to $100,000 for industrial-grade systems. Regardless, its cost becomes more reasonable with time because of low consumables and maintenance. The standard operational cost for laser marking is estimated at $0.20 to $1.00 a unit, meaning some capital expense could be offset in smaller high-detail production runs.

Another crucial element pertains to adaptability and production quantity. Chemical etching provides savings for larger quantities, but the setup costs, which include masks or templates, become more expensive when frequent changes are made. However, the flexibility associated with laser marking makes it easier to change designs without needing additional tools, making it the ideal solution for low-to-medium volumes or complex designs. In the end, companies will have to balance these cost factors along with operational necessities to make the best decision for their production needs.

Environmental Impact of Chemical Etching and Laser Techniques

While considering the environmental aspects, I realize that chemical etching processes require using strong, dangerous chemicals, like acids that, if mishandled, can harm the environment as well as the safety of the workers. These processes produce chemical waste which needs to be disposed of in a controlled manner to avoid pollution. On the other side of the spectrum, lasers are generally more eco-friendly as there are no chemicals and very little waste produced. Nonetheless, laser systems utilize a substantial amount of electrical energy, which, regarding where the energy is sourced, might lead to environmental issues. Hence, I would look at the waste management obligations and energy consumption of these processes.

Which Industries Use Laser and Chemical Etching?

Applications of Chemical Etching in Manufacturing

Because it is capable of generating complex and precise components, chemical etching is a flexible manufacturing process that is useful in different industries. Below are the main uses of chemical etching in manufacturing:

Aerospace Industry

• Applications: Manufacturing of high-strength and lightweight parts such as turbine blades, fuel injector parts, and heat exchanger plates.
• Details: The process appreciation comes from its ability to utilize high-performance materials such as titanium and nickel alloys while achieving tight tolerances.

Automotive Industry

• Applications: Fabrication of complex patterns and geometries, such as with fuel system parts, heat shields, and braking system components.
• Details: Chemical etching improves the efficiency of the parts by allowing manufacturers to create complex designs with intricate patterns.

Electronics Sector

• Applications: Production of lead frames, EMI/RFI shields, and printed circuit boards (PCBs).
• Details: This method is most appropriate when creating features with extremely fine details that are crucial in miniaturized electronics.

Medical Devices 

• Applications: Surgical blades, implantable meshes, filters.
• Details: With medical-grade materials such as stainless steel and titanium, chemical etching offers high precision and biocompatibility.

Renewable Energy 

• Applications: Thin metal sheets for solar panels and fuel cells.
• Details: The implementation of renewable energy systems with optimal material energy efficiency can be achieved through accurate material removal during the etching processes.
• Applications: Advanced antenna components, aerospace and defense tags, and other sophisticated metal parts are required in these industries.
• Details: This process is specially designed to use chemical etching while also enforcing maximum security compliances.
• Applications: Filters, sieves, and precision apertures for industrial purposes.
• Details: Because of the ability to produce precise features without any burrs, the etched objects can be easily filtered or the flow directed through them.
• Applications: Jewelry and decorative parts, as well as razor blades.
• Details: In conjunction with aesthetic appeal, chemical etching contributes to the functional side of commercially sold products.

With the requirements of high precision, versatility, and elasticity in design with bulk production capability, chemical etching has established itself as a founding technique for many industries.

How Industries Utilize Laser Technology for Marking

Various sectors are using lasers for marking purposes due to their accuracy, lasting effects, and flexibility. By using focused laser beams, outstanding marks are engraved onto metals, plastics, ceramics, wood, and glass. Businesses use these marks for product identification (serial numbers and barcodes), branding as well as for legal compliance marking by using industrial-grade laser marking machines. What is unique about laser marking is that it is highly durable, resistant to mechanical damage, and still keeps the details sharp despite being in extreme conditions, which is why it is widely used in manufacturing and medical devices, electronics, and automotive tools.

How to Choose Between Laser and Chemical Etching for Your Needs?

Factors to Consider: Type of Material and Desired Outcome

When I am selecting between laser and chemical etching, my first consideration is the material to be used. For marking, lasers are the most flexible and their application on metals, plastics, and ceramics highly is exceptional and leaves a mark without damaging the material, particularly when a laser engraver is used. In contrast, chemical etching is preferred for etchable metals such as stainless steel and aluminum when more elaborate detail is needed in the etch or when deeper cuts are needed. The next issue to consider is the purpose. With respect to wear-resistant markings that are highly contrasted and permanent, my inclination goes toward laser marking. But, for those instances with a primary interest in derivates patterns or integration of depth and surface texture, my preference is for chemical etching.

Evaluating Key Differences in Precision and Efficiency

In comparing the methods of laser etching and chemical etching, accuracy stands out as a notable distinction. Laser marking is much better than chemical etching with regards to accuracy with a claimed tolerance of about ±0.001 inches. Such accuracy is needed in applications like micro-engineering, and medical devices where details matter a lot. Moreover, the use of lasers ensures consistent replication of patterns which is ideal for mass production.

Additionally, effectiveness is another important factor to consider. The processes involved in laser etching are much faster because the use of templates or chemical procedures is not necessary, making them ideal for prototype creation or speedy production orders. In addition, laser systems are more environmentally friendly due to the lack of harsh chemicals and waste. On the other hand, chemical etching processes may be slower due to masking and chemical treatment phases which can be drawn out for complex geometry or large quantities. Nevertheless, chemical etching is proficient at the fine detail etching of expansive surfaces which can be useful in decorative or industrial design.

Ultimately, the selection between the two strategies will come down to what your project entails and the specifications required such as fine detail, material, and deadline.

Future Trends in Laser and Chemical Etching Technologies

New developments in automation, material science, and sustainability are altering the domain of laser and chemical etching. Notable progress is also being made with the integration of ultrafast femtosecond laser systems in lasers capable of performing brusque etching. Because of their ability to perform micromachining on nanoscale items without burning the surrounding material, these lasers achieve exceptional precision. These breakthroughs are extremely valuable in sectors such as medicine, semiconductor production, and other industries where accuracy and material conservation are important.

Furthermore, chemical etching is improving with enhanced closed-loop processing systems that use non-toxic etchants. Shrinking forms of etching solutions are being created to meet tough international environmental standards by reducing hazardous waste and enabling easier recycling. For instance, with advanced regenerative etching chemistry, a larger number of cycles can be used before the solutions are required to be replaced, which is economical for systems with large-volume production.

Both techniques are currently transforming due to new AI-powered quality control and automation. AI algorithms integrated with laser systems can monitor the etching action in real-time and capture any discrepancies during the process. Instead of increasing uncontrolled variables, failures are minimized and repeatability in quality is guaranteed. Automated systems that perform chemical etching with robots are aiding in decreasing mistakes, improving speed, and reducing the use of chemicals by people.

An increase in demand for multifunctional etching equipment that utilizes chemical and laser methods has been noted, as both methods further improve the overall functionality of a system. Hybrid systems are currently being tested for use in aerospace and automobile industries as they require both the accuracy of laser etching and the volume of chemical etching. This amalgamation indicates an impending reality where efficiency and personalization merge effortlessly.

The scope of the global market for laser processing is expected to extend over 7 percent on compound annual growth rate in the upcoming years, thanks to a myriad of new applications of lasers in microfabrication and 3D printing. An almost 6 percent increase over the same time frame is also expected in the chemical etching market due to the rise in the adoption of consumer electronics and precision engineering. A growing dependence on advanced etching processes to meet the created demand in various sectors needing high accuracy and low environmentally harmful actions during execution is why these sectors are predicted to grow.

For high precision, low wastage, and better operational control, achieving these goals will drive the future for laser and chemical etching integration, automation, and the pursuit of more eco-friendly solutions.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: What differentiates laser etching from chemical etching?

A: The distinction between laser and chemical etching is the technique involved in marking materials. Laser etching utilizes a powerful laser beam to etch the surface of a material while vaporizing it to create a mark on the material. Chemical etching, on the other hand, employs chemicals to either corrode or dissolve the surface of the material. In general, laser etching is more accurate, quicker, and applicable to more materials. Conversely, chemical etching is preferable for metals when deeper etchings are needed.

Q: Describe the sequence of steps involved in the laser engraving procedure.

A: Laser engraving works by utilizing a focused beam of laser light to etch the surface of an object into pieces. A laser engraving machine attaches a laser to the cutting head, which directs the beam of laser energy at the workpiece. The workpiece hot enough for the material to turn into gas, which leaves vapor or molten material behind. The vapor eventually solidifies forming the mark or engraving. It can be controlled to the point in which it can create designs, text, or even images on different materials like metal, plastic, wood, or glass.

Q: What distinguishes laser engraving from laser etching?

A: Both processes make use of a laser to mark surfaces, but their execution differs. Unlike the other marking processes, laser engraving is a process that uses a laser to etch deeper marks into the surface of an object after stripping more material off it. The cavity created by the engraving can be felt physically. On the other hand, in comparison to laser engraving, laser etching makes shallow marks on the surface of the material by melting it instead of smoothing it. In general, more stubborn and deeper marks that need to be engraved into the material can be engraved, while more delicate or less prominent designs can be etched.

Q: How does laser cutting differ from laser etching and engraving?

A: The primary distinction between the two processes is that laser cutting may be defined as a type of manufacturing operation wherein a laser is utilized to divide a piece of material into parts, while a laser is either etched or engraved to mark a piece of material. In crafting structures using certain materials, a highly powerful laser beam is often used to burn a full cross-section of the material in question, to divide it into different pieces. To mark materials, laser etching or engraving can only affect the surface of the material by cutting through a portion of the material to create a design or marking on the surface of the material but not fully penetrating it. These types of markings are less complex when compared to laser cutting. In general, the applications of lasers for cutting are focused on the accurate trimming of raw materials, and for engraving or etching for aesthetic or label purposes.

Q: What are the advantages of using laser markers over traditional marking methods?

A: The benefits of using laser markers as opposed to using traditional marking procedures are numerous. Laser marking enables forms and smaller letters to be produced with complicated details at high levels of precision and accuracy. Further marking is also a non-contact activity which means tools used during the process will suffer minimal wear and the chances of the shaped material being deformed are very small. For these reasons, laser marking is also done quickly and effectively and, therefore, can be applied in mass production. Moreover, the resulting marks have durable bonds which makes them resistant to scratching or being destroyed by the outside environment. Finally, laser marking systems can easily and seamlessly be fitted to automated production lines, which increases productivity even more.

Q: What factors should be considered when deciding to use laser engraving or chemical etching?

A: With regards to deciding between laser engraving and chemical etching, it is important to consider the material type (laser engraving works on more materials), desired depth of marking (chemical etching mark on metals is deeper than laser engraving), production volume (chemical engraving does take longer, so in mass production, laser engraving is more suitable), environmental concerns (for chemical laser engraving, there is a lot less waste produced), how precise the marking needs to be (laser engraving is more precise), and finally, which has the more favorable outcome cost (costs are easier to calculate in chemical etching vs. chemical engraving). Regardless of the choice, the details of each project will ultimately guide which process is best suited.

Q: What is the difference between laser annealing and other forms of laser marking?

A: Laser annealing is a special type of marking that covers the surface of the material with a laser in a different way than etching or engraving. The difference with laser annealing is that it applies energy to the surface of the workpiece (generally a metal) so that its temperature increases to a level where its properties change, but so that it does not melt or vaporize. This process oxidizes the material causing a coloration shift to take place which results in a marking that is very clear, corrosion-resistant, and has vivid contrasts. Additionally, laser annealing compromises neither cuts nor removes materials or creates any surface contours, which is advantageous in circumstances where it is imperative to keep the workpiece intact such as in medical instruments or parts of aerospace machinery.

Reference Sources

1. Surgical implements: Scientific aspects of laser marking actor

• By: Gus Vargas
• Published on: 1st of March 2023.
• Overview: This document evaluates the FDA UDI guidelines concerning manufacturers and municipal hospitals in the identification of surgical instruments. It analyzes the traditional methods of marking instruments with chemical etching and compares them with the modern approaches of laser marking. The paper emphasizes the benefits of laser marking, which include greater accuracy, faster processing times, and permanent markings that do not damage the instruments. It also covers the use of lasers in hospitals from a safety perspective.
• Methods: This investigation is based on the review of the laser marking of surgical instruments. This mark includes evaluation of the regulations concerning marking surgical instruments and the history of marking technologies (Vargas 2023).

2. Application of Laser Interferometry for Determining Ending Moments of Plasma-Chemical Etching of p-GaN and AlGaN Layers

• By: A. Yunik, A.H. Shydlouski
• Published: 09 December, 2022
• Abstract: This research examines the application of laser interferometry in the observation of plasma-chemical etching of semiconductor materials. Laper systems are capable of tracking the processes being performed in real time, and this capability is of great importance in the etching of semiconductors. This work focuses on the result differences when laser techniques are employed compared to using chemical etching only.
• Materials and methods: The authors use some experimental arrangements with a laser interefometer and scanning electron microscope, and they focus on the laser and chemical etching process and its results (Yunik & Shydlouski, 2022).

3. The Effects of Er, Cr: YSGG Laser, Sandblast, and Acid Etching Surface Modification on The Surface Topography of Biodental Titanium Implants

1. By: Mohammed A. Abdulla and others
2. Published on: 30th September 2023
3. Overview: This research analyzes the comparison between several techniques for modifying the surface of titanium implants, which include laser machining, sandblasting, and acid etching. It was discovered that laser treatment greatly improves surface roughness when compared with chemical etching, which is vital for osseointegration enhancement in dental implants.
4. Methods: The research was conducted with a comparative approach using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and profilometry to evaluate the surface features of the specimens after the treatment (Abdulla et al., 2023, p. e38).

4. Laser engraving

5. Metal