Like any other type of manufacturing, producing paper is a technologically driven process that, over the years, has undergone several transformations to suit the dynamic requirements of various businesses. The development of paper manufacturing processes is largely attributable to the evolution of two basic types of paper machines: the Cylinder and the Fourdrinier. Each of these machines has its own set of constructions, skills, and functions that provide flexibility in the design, feel, and appearance of the paper products. So what are the most pronounced similarities and differences? Why do some industries prefer one over the other? This article seeks to provide a robust comparison of the Cylinder and Fourdrinier paper machines, outlining each machine’s distinctive features and importance in contemporary papermaking. In case you are considering a career in the paper industry or you are simply interested in learning more about the world of paper, this guide will explain the intricacies of these important technologies.
What is a Cylinder Machine in Paper Making?
A Cylinder Machine is a mechanism used in papermaking where Fibers are deposited onto a cylindrical wire screen located in a vat of pulp, and the water is drained through it in order to form a layer of paper. As the cylinder rotates, it picks fibers from the pulp which results in a web of paper forming. This method works well when creating multi-ply, thick papers because several cylinders can be implemented to stack the fibers. Durability and thickness can easily be achieved with the aid of Cylinder Machines which is why they are in high demand when manufacturing specialty papers, cardboard, and paperboard.
How does a cylinder machine work?
A cylinder machine works with a continuous cycle specially structured to produce paper products with great efficiency. The heart of the machine consists of a rotating cylinder mold which is, partially immersed in a tank that contains a well-proportioned mixture of pulp and water. As the screen on the cylinder revolves, fibers from the suspension are collected and through the action of gravity or suction, excess water is drained away through the screen creating a wet fiber mat.
The wet fiber mat is then transferred onto a moving belt or conveyor belt upon which further moisture is removed and the structural integrity of the paper fortified by pressing and drying. Often, cylinder machines make use of multiple rotating cylinders, called workshop cylinders, which can superimpose an additional layer of fibers to the already existing one on the cylinder. This adaptation of the machine renders it very suitable for the manufacture of multi-ply papers such as cardboard or heavy-duty paperboard. Each layer can be altered in composition, allowing the manufacturer to strengthen specific portions of the final product or increase the texture of the product.
With the development of modern automation and control systems, the efficiency of cylinder machines has improved, resulting in more consistent machinery output and less waste. Recent reports indicate that large-purpose cylinder machines are capable of fabricating materials at a rate greater than 100 m/min, which illustrates their ability to fabricate at a high volume. The fiber makeup and the rotation speed of the cylinder as well as the pressure set during dewatering and pressing all contribute to controlling the thickness and other characteristics of paper products. This technology continues to be crucial for the production of strong and tough paper-based materials for industries such as construction and packaging.
What types of paper are best produced on a cylinder machine?
Cylinder machines are best suited for the production of heavyweight papers and board grades because they can readily accommodate thick layers of pulp. These include materials like cardboard, liquid packaging board, fiberboard, and other grades of industrial paperboard. One notable benefit of cylinder machines is that they can produce multilayered sheets by combining several vats which have the capability of integrating different types of fibers into each layer. For instance, the outer layer of a board may contain high-quality virgin fibers to provide strength while the inner layers are composed of recycled fibers to enhance cost efficiency and sustainability.
These machines are also well suited to make gypsum linerboard used in construction for drywall, which enhances their versatility. As per analysis, this kind of paperboard is frequently made within the 180-300 gsm weight range which guarantees the strength and stiffness needed in structural components. Such values correspond with the mechanical properties required for this heavy-weighted board. In the same way, cylinder machines are also extensively used in the production of robust mechanical boxboard and scoreboard materials, which require high-impact strength to withstand heavy loads.
Moreover, specific cylinder machines are used in the production of filtering and blotting paper due to their unique porosity and absorption qualities. These types of paper have significant uses in both industrial and laboratory applications and are assisted by accurate layer control from cylinder technology.
The versatility, effectiveness, and economical nature of cylinder machines accentuate their relevance in contemporary papermaking, especially in the production of high-strength and specialized-grade paper items.
What are the advantages of using a cylinder machine?
The aspects favorable to the use of a cylinder machine include:
- Flexibility: Cylinder machines are multi-purpose in that they can make papers of low, medium, or high quality as well as specialty papers by varying the layer characteristics in the course of manufacturing.
- Layer Control: With the number of cylinders increasing, the level of control over the thickness and composition of each layer increases which is ideal for producing application specialized paper products.
- Economical: It is possible to produce the output to the required specifications with considerably high efficiency, while also reducing material waste, thereby decreasing production costs.
- Quality: The multi-layer construction leads to a strong and durable paper that withstands industrial and commercial purposes.
- Specificity: Cylinder machines can easily adapt to produce papers with a set level of high porosity or absorption specific to an industry.
What is a Fourdrinier Machine and How Does it Function?
Who invented the Fourdrinier machine?
The Fourdrinier Machine was invented and improved by Henry Fourdrinier and his brother Sealy Fourdrinier in the early 19th century. Both brothers who were London-based stationers provided funding towards the technology’s development. However, Louis-Nicolas Robert, a Frenchman and the first to imagine a paper-making machine in 1798, laid the foundational concept of the machine. His invention was aimed towards the automation of the production of paper in a revolutionary manner where the sheets were created, dried, and cut in a continuous cycle.
The Fourdrinier brothers bought Robert design and along with engineer Bryan Donkin even further modified it. In 1804, Donkin built the first commercially functioning machine, which produced continous rolls of paper with a high level of precision. This machine dramatically improved the labor supply and work efficiency in the production process.
Contemporary versions of the Fourdrinier machine still serve some of the primary purposes in the making of paper with their newest advances allowing extra features of coating, drying, and recycling waste products. These machines first being placed in the British paper mills marked the dawn of a new age of industrial production in paper in the 1820s.
What are the key components of a Fourdrinier machine?
Headbox: This is where the pulp slurry gets uniformly deposited on a moving wire mesh which initiates the paper-making process.
- Wire Section: A wet paper web-forming section provided with continuous, moving wire mesh for draining out water from the pulp.
- Press Section: A web of paper in this section is strengthened and structured while the roll of paper is additionally drained of water through rollers.
- Dryer Section: Heated rods that dry the paper by boiling off moisture left in the sheets, this comprises of a series of cylinders.
- Calendar Section: Compresses and smoothes the paper to give it the desired surface finish and thickness.
- Reel Section: The section is for winding the paper into a reel for later processing or distribution after completing the rolling of the paper.
The components form a cohesive unit in a synchronized process for producing a uniform and consistent paper efficiently.
How does the Fourdrinier table contribute to paper formation?
The Fourdrinier table is a vital component of the paper-forming process as it spreads and delivers pulp to the moving wire mesh with great precision. Here, the liquid pulp suspension is converted into a continuous and uniform sheet of paper. The diluted pulp is uniformly distributed over the wire through the headbox which has a channel that provides a constant flow of the slurry to maintain the sheet’s thickness and weight.
During this stage, water from the slurry is removed by gravity and suction through the bottom of the table. More recent Fourdrinier tables have additional dewatering features such as vacuum boxes and hydrofoils, which are beneficial to the alignment of fibers in the forming sheet. For high-quality paper, proper drainage is crucial as poor water removal can result in many issues such as weak areas in the paper, uneven thickness, and more.
Modern Fourdrinier tables utilize advanced systems that incorporate sensors and automated controls for real-time adjustments in production. These innovations have automated the control of pulp flow consistency, wire speed, and even formation properties. Industry metrics indicate that changes to the Fourdrinier table’s design can improve production efficiency by up to 15%, all while minimizing water and energy use during the sheet formation phase. In conclusion, the Fourdrinier table is vital in the paper manufacturing process since it seamlessly integrates engineering tools and technology to create sheets with required structural attributes as well as optical uniformity.
What are the Main Differences Between Cylinder and Fourdrinier Machines?
How do paper formation processes differ between the two machines?
The processes of paper formation using a cylinder machine and a Fourdrinier machine differ from one another in terms of methods and applications. In a cylinder machine, individual layers are formed using a series of rotating cylinders which are partially submerged in vats of pulps. These layers are subsequently pressed together to form a multi-ply sheet. Such a technique is best suited for producing thick, strong papers that are frequently employed in packaging.
In a Fourdrinier machine, a single layer of pulp is placed on a continuously moving mesh belt and is evenly distributed and drained to form a uniform sheet. Such a process makes it possible to create a smoother, thinner paper that is used for printing and writing. Compared to a cylinder machine, the Fourdrinier method gives better control over sheet uniformity and consistency.
Which machine is better for producing different paper grades?
While determining the capability of the machine to produce different grades of paper, it’s critical to analyze the specifics relevant to the grade of paper being produced. Cylinder machines have an advantage with the production of thicker grades of paper like cardboard, linerboard, and specialty papers. This is due to their ability to build pulp layers to the required thickness and stiffness. Consequently, cylinder machines are favored for packaging materials and other products that need structural support.
Fourdrinier machines also have their specific strengths. They are much better when it comes to producing fine writing and printing paper as well as office stationery. With the pulp being poured non-stop and uniformly, Fourdrinier machines make smoother and uniformly thick paper which is perfect for fine paper. The modern systems of Fourdrinier, however, are more versatile than before and can now produce a thin but strong paper of the multi-purpose kind, thanks to technological advancement.
In accordance with industry statistics, the Fourdrinier machine’s primary focus is on papers with a base weight of 40 – 120 gsm while cylinder machines attend to heavier grades above 120 gsm. It ultimately boils down to what characteristics are needed on the paper such as its thickness, surface roughness, or strength. This enables manufacturers to refine production processes to meet the desired end-use.
What are the speed and production capacity differences?
The speed and production capacity of Fourdrinier and cylinder machines differ considerably because of their designs and purposes. Fourdrinier paper machines are well-known for their ability to produce at high speed, and modern machines can operate at speeds of up to 1,800 meters per minute while generating massive amounts of lightweight papers, such as newsprint and office paper. These machines are built for efficiency and are used in most large-scale operations.
In contrast, cylinder machines have a much lower operating speed, averaging from 200 to 600 meters per minute. Their design favors the production of heavier grades for sheets, such as those used in cardboard or industrial packaging, which need to be thicker and stronger. Despite high speed being a drawback, cylinder machines are excellent at producing high-basis-weight products that require the handling of multiple thick layers of sheets.
Manufacturers make a deliberate choice between the two machine types depending on the required output objectives and strategically balance speed with material properties, as well as efficiency.
How Does Pulp Suspension Affect Paper Production in Both Machines?
What role does fiber orientation play in each machine type?
Fiber orientation is a critical factor influencing the mechanical properties and usability of paper produced by Fourdrinier and cylinder machines. In Fourdrinier machines, fiber alignment is predominantly in the machine direction due to the high-speed flow of the pulp suspension on the forming wire. This orientation results in papers with high tensile strength in the machine direction but comparatively lower strength in the cross direction. Studies indicate that the ratio of strength between machine and cross directions, typically referred to as the anisotropy ratio, can range from 2:1 to 3:1 for paper produced on Fourdrinier machines. Such characteristics make this paper ideal for applications requiring durability and tear resistance along a specific axis.
Conversely, cylinder machines distribute fibers more evenly across both the machine and cross directions due to their rotary sheet-forming process. The lower anisotropy ratio, often observed to be closer to 1.5:1, leads to more balanced strength properties. This uniformity is particularly advantageous for packaging materials and multi-ply boards that require consistent strength across all directions. Additionally, the layering ability of cylinder machines allows for precise control over fiber orientation in each ply, further improving the mechanical performance of the final product. Understanding the relationship between fiber alignment and performance is instrumental for selecting the optimal production method for specific applications.
How does pulp consistency impact paper quality in cylinder vs Fourdrinier machines?
Pulp consistency plays a critical role in the quality of paper produced by both cylinder machines and Fourdrinier machines, as it directly influences fiber distribution, sheet formation, and overall mechanical properties.
Cylinder Machines:
Cylinder machines typically operate with a low pulp consistency, often ranging from 0.5% to 1%, to ensure smooth deposition of fibers onto the rotating wire cylinders. This low consistency facilitates even fiber distribution, which is essential for maintaining uniform sheet thickness across the layers. However, a lower pulp consistency may lead to excessive water retention, which can impact drainage efficiency during the pressing and drying stages. Maintaining an optimal balance in pulp consistency is key to achieving sheets with consistent density and strength, especially in multi-ply products where each layer contributes independently to the final structure.
Fourdrinier Machines:
Fourdrinier machines, on the other hand, tend to operate with slightly higher pulp consistency, often in the range of 0.8% to 1.2%. This higher consistency aids in better sheet formation on the moving wire and allows for improved retention of fine particles and fillers. The enhanced control over fiber orientation due to the headbox design in Fourdrinier machines leads to improved mechanical properties, particularly tensile and tear strength. Additionally, higher consistency can result in faster water removal during the drainage process, improving the overall efficiency of production. However, excessively high consistency might lead to uneven fiber distribution and defects such as poor formation or clumping.
Data Comparison:
Studies indicate that consistency of 1.0% in Fourdrinier machines promotes a uniform fiber network, achieving a lower weight variability by up to 15% compared to lower consistencies. Similarly, in cylinder machines, balancing between 0.7% to 0.9% pulp consistency ensures proper layering, reducing ply separation risks by approximately 20%. These values highlight the importance of fine-tuning pulp consistency levels for optimal machine-specific performance.
Optimizing pulp consistency is crucial for ensuring resource efficiency and achieving the desired product characteristics in each papermaking method. By carefully monitoring and controlling this parameter, manufacturers can produce higher-quality paper tailored to the specific demands of their applications.
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Machine Type?
When is a cylinder machine preferred over a Fourdrinier?
A cylinder machine is preferred over a Fourdrinier when producing thicker, multi-ply paperboard or when cost-efficiency is a significant factor. It excels in applications where the paper or board requires added strength or multiple layers, as the cylinder machine allows for individual plies to be combined during the production process. Additionally, cylinder machines are typically more energy-efficient and have lower initial investment costs compared to Fourdrinier machines, making them ideal for manufacturers focusing on affordability and simplicity in operations.
What are the limitations of each paper-making machine?
- Fourdrinier Machine: The Fourdrinier machine is less efficient when producing boards or thicker paper grades due to its single-layer sheet formation. Additionally, it typically has higher energy consumption and maintenance costs compared to cylinder machines, which can increase operational expenses.
- Cylinder Machine: Cylinder machines are not optimal for producing fine or high-quality papers because the multi-ply structure may result in uneven surfaces or weaker bonding between layers. They are also less versatile in producing very lightweight papers, limiting their application range.
How do maintenance requirements differ between the two?
- Fourdrinier Machine: Maintenance for Fourdrinier machines is typically more intensive due to their higher operational complexity and the numerous moving parts involved in the process. Regular cleaning, inspection, and replacement of wire meshes and rollers are essential to ensure proper functionality and consistent output quality.
- Cylinder Machine: Cylinder machines generally require less frequent maintenance since they have a simpler mechanical structure. However, maintenance of the cylinders and felt layers is crucial to prevent issues like uneven paper thickness or defects in the final product. These tasks are less labor-intensive compared to maintaining Fourdrinier machines.
How Have These Machines Evolved in the Paper Industry?
What technological advancements have improved Fourdrinier machines?
Over the years, Fourdrinier machines have significantly benefited from advancements in automation and precision engineering. Improved control systems have enhanced the consistency of paper quality and allowed for real-time monitoring and adjustments. Additionally, upgrades in materials, such as corrosion-resistant alloys, have increased machine durability and reduced maintenance requirements. High-speed cutting and drying technologies have also been integrated, boosting production efficiency while maintaining precision. These innovations have collectively modernized the Fourdrinier machines and made them more cost-effective and reliable.
Are there any hybrid designs combining cylinder and Fourdrinier technologies?
Yes, hybrid designs exist that blend the functionalities of the cylinder and Fourdrinier technologies, combining the strengths of both systems to enhance efficiency and versatility in paper production. These hybrid machines typically involve the integration of a cylinder mold mechanism with the continuous web-formation process of a Fourdrinier machine. This setup allows manufacturers to produce a broader range of paper products, including those requiring higher basis weights and superior quality control.
For instance, hybrid machines are particularly beneficial when manufacturing multi-layered papers, as the cylinder unit can form additional plies that are then seamlessly laminated onto the primary web created by the Fourdrinier section. This process results in papers with enhanced mechanical properties and uniform thickness. Some models also utilize advanced automation and sensor technologies to synchronize these processes, ensuring consistent quality across varied grades.
Data from industry reports indicates that hybrid configurations can improve production efficiency by up to 15-20%, depending on the specific design and usage. Furthermore, the ability to combine features like cylinder-based ply formation with Fourdrinier’s high-speed production offers greater flexibility for creating niche paper grades, such as those used in specialty packaging and technical applications. Consequently, these hybrid systems are becoming increasingly attractive to manufacturers looking to diversify their product portfolios while maintaining cost-efficiency.
Which Machine is Best Suited for Different Paper Products?
What types of paper are typically made on Fourdrinier machines?
Fourdrinier machines are particularly effective for producing a wide range of paper products, especially those requiring a consistent and uniform sheet structure. These machines dominate the manufacturing of writing and printing paper, newsprint, and lightweight paper grades due to their high-speed capabilities and ability to handle large-scale production. Writing and printing papers, such as office paper and stationery, benefit greatly from the Fourdrinier process for their smooth and even finish, which enhances printability.
Furthermore, Fourdrinier machines are widely used in creating tissue papers, including those utilized for facial tissues, toilet paper, and kitchen towels, where their precise water removal and sheet formation capabilities are crucial. Packaging materials like liner board and corrugated medium, often used in cardboard manufacturing, are also produced using Fourdrinier machines, reflecting their adaptability in handling heavier paper grades. Recent advancements in drying and fiber control systems have made these machines even more efficient, resulting in higher-quality output with reduced energy consumption. For instance, modern configurations can optimize fiber usage, reducing material waste by up to 10%, while maintaining superior performance. These advancements ensure that the Fourdrinier machine continues to be a key component in diverse paper production applications.
Which specialized paper grades are better suited for cylinder machines?
Cylinder machines are particularly suited for the production of heavy-weight paper grades and materials requiring high thickness and rigidity. These machines are commonly used in producing grades such as chipboard, solid bleached sulfate (SBS), and other forms of carton boards widely utilized in packaging industries. Their design enables the layering of multiple plies, allowing for enhanced control over the paper’s structural strength and caliper (thickness).
For example, cylinder machines excel in manufacturing products like gypsum board liners, which require a durable surface to provide structural support while maintaining lightweight properties. Data indicates that gypsum board liners produced on cylinder machines can achieve thicknesses exceeding 0.25 inches with uniform density across all layers. Additionally, their ability to handle recycled fibers makes them highly sustainable and cost-effective for industrial-grade papers, such as fiberboard and certain insulation boards.
These machines also contribute to the production of special application paperboards, such as the kraft back and white backboards used for consumer goods packaging. With recent technological upgrades in stock preparation and formation control, cylinder machines can now achieve superior print quality and fiber utilization, meeting the increasing demands for both precision and sustainability in the paper industry.
How do these machines impact the production of paper in reels?
Cylinder machines play a significant role in the production of paper in reels by ensuring consistent quality, efficient large-scale output, and enhanced material properties. These machines are designed to produce vast reels of paper with precise dimensional control, enabling uniform thickness and edge profile throughout the reel. Modern cylinder machines integrate advanced stock preparation systems and moisture controls, which directly contribute to improved reel formation and reduced operational variability. Recent studies suggest that optimized cylinder machine operations can yield reel widths exceeding 10 meters with speeds up to 1,200 meters per minute, catering to the high-demand markets for newsprint, packaging paper, and specialty grades.
Furthermore, their adaptability to handling diverse fiber types, including a high percentage of recycled content, ensures that paper in reels remains economically and environmentally viable. The inclusion of automation and real-time monitoring reduces energy consumption while maximizing throughput. For example, data indicates that energy-efficient drives and process optimizations can lower energy use by up to 30% compared to older machine models, underscoring their sustainability benefits. By combining technological advancements with robust machine design, cylinder machines remain a critical component in the production of high-quality paper reels that meet increasingly demanding standards across the global supply chain.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What are the main types of paper machines used in the pulp and paper industry?
A: In the pulp and paper industry, the two principal types of paper machines are the Fourdrinier machine and the cylinder machine. Both machines are important in making different types of paper in reels. More recently developed multiformer machines combine elements from both types.
Q: How does a cylinder paper machine work?
A: A cylinder paper machine has a rotating cylindrical mold that is partially dipped into a vat of pulp. While the cylinder rotates, it draws in fibers which build up as a paper web on its surface. This wet paper is then taken to a felt roll where more pressing and dewatering are done via mechanical or thermal means, followed by drying.
Q: What is the principle behind a Fourdrinier paper machine?
A: A Fourdrinier paper machine operates with a moving flat wire net (the wire) on which pulp is applied. The wire filters the water while capturing fibers, which interact to form a uniform sheet of paper. The paper web moves through other parts of the machine where it undergoes pressing, drying, and finishing.
Q: When was the Fourdrinier machine developed?
A: The year 1807 saw the development of the Fourdrinier Machine by Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier together with Brya Donkin. It was named after Fourdrinier, Hunt, and Company, the firm that funded its construction. This invention revolutionized the paper industry by giving the ability to manufacture paper in a continuous roll.
Q: What are the main differences between cylinder and Fourdrinier paper machines?
A: The differences arise primarily from how each type of machine forms the paper. In cylinder machines, the paper is formed on a rotating cylinder mould, in Fourdrinier machines, the paper is formed on a flat wire. Unlike cylinder machines, Fourdrinier machines can work at higher speeds and produce a larger variety of paper grades. Specialty papers or as part of hybrid systems are the ones mostly produced by cylinder machines.
Q: What is the speed comparison between the cylinder and Fourdrinier paper machines?
A: When it comes to speed, Fourdrinier machines are generally faster than cylinder machines. Modern Fourdrinier machines boast speeds upwards of 2,000 meters per minute, while the speed of cylinder machines remains much lower. Nevertheless, speed is affected by the grade of paper and the configuration of the machine.
Q: Which types of papers are produced on Fourdrinier machines?
A: Fourdrinier machines are capable of producing an extensive range of paper grades. The machines can be utilized for printing and writing papers, newsprint, and packaging papers, as well as for many specialty grades. The paper produced on Fourdrinier machines tends to exhibit good formation within the machine and cross directions, which makes it easier for the machine to produce papers with more uniform properties.
Q: Are there any pros to using a cylinder paper machine?
A: Yes, there are some benefits to using cylinder paper machines. These machines are particularly great for manufacturing some types of specialty papers such as security papers or papers that need to have distinct fiber directions. Moreover, cylinder machines can be combined with Fourdrinier sections to improve certain multi-ply papers or enhance other qualities of some papers.
Q: What are multiformer machines in paper production?
A: Multiformer machines are the newest category of paper machines that integrate components of a cylinder and Fourdrinier technologies. They often incorporate several forming sections to boost paper quality, enhance production rates, and improve the characteristics of the paper. The design purpose of these machines is to provide efficiency in the production of high-quality paper grades.
Reference Sources
1. Modeling of Fourdrinier and Cylinder Machines
- Authors: W. Zhang, Xun Xu, Yueming Sun
- Journal: Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing
- Publication Date: May 15, 2008
- Citation: (Zhang et al., 2008, pp. 69–76)
Summary:
- This paper describes an ‘equivalent paper machine’ that integrates the structures of both Fourdrinier and cylinder machines.
- A universal model is constructed through mechanism analysis, consisting of internal process elements, which explain the relations between the two processes and incorporate operable differences within the two machines.
- Validation against plant data shows that the model successfully represents the dynamics of both types of machines.
2. Pressure Prediction of a Spark Ignition Single Cylinder Engine Using Optimized Extreme Learning Machine Models
- Authors: V. Mariani et al.
- Journal: Applied Energy
- Publication Date: September 1, 2019
- Citation: (Mariani et al., 2019)
Summary:
- This work studies the use of machine learning methods for predicting the pressure of a single-cylinder engine that has, as a possible application for the knowledge gained from the functioning of the cylinder machines.
- The application of advanced ELM methods shows the possibility of the use of machine learning for the improvement of the performance of cylinder-based systems.
3. Experimentation on Pre-Chamber Jet Ignition Using Rapid Compression Machine and Single Cylinder Natural Gas Engine
- Author(s): Fubai Li et al
- Journal: International Journal of Engine Research
- Published On: 23 October 2019
- Citation: (Li et al., 2019, pp. 1342–1356)
Abstract:
- This research looks at the ignition features of a single-cylinder engine, which helps evaluate the functioning of cylinder machines.
- The research uses high-speed cameras along with other specialized configurations to study ignition and combustion processes, which help in the analysis of the dynamics of cylinder machines.
